Periodontal disease, often referred to as "gum disease" is classified based on the severity of the disease. The two major stages of periodontal disease are gingivitis and periodontitis. Gingivitis is a milder and reversible form of periodontal disease that only affects the gums. Gingivitis may lead to more serious, destructive forms of periodontal disease called periodontitis if left untreated.

Periodontal diseases attack just below the gum line in the sulcus, a very shallow v-shaped crevice surrounding each tooth (see diagram). As the tissues surrounding the area are damaged, the sulcus develops into a pocket: generally, the more severe the disease, the greater the depth of the pocket. Dr. Costa routinely measures these "pockets" in an effort to catch any problems as soon as possible.

These areas can be treated non-surgically in conjunction with localized antibiotic delivery before the problem gets out of hand.